How water uptake of a plant is affected by the number of leaves Essay Example

How water uptake of a plant is affected by the number of leaves Essay I will investigate how the water uptake of a plant is affected by the number of leaves using a potometer. To make it a fair test I will ensure that all factors remain constant except for the one that is manipulated. Same: Piece of plant, air pressure, light intensity/wavelength, wind speed and temperature, all done in the same lesson. Different: Leaf area/stomatal density. This is the easiest and most independent variable. We will write a custom essay sample on How water uptake of a plant is affected by the number of leaves specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How water uptake of a plant is affected by the number of leaves specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How water uptake of a plant is affected by the number of leaves specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For accuracy I will use Vaseline to seal the cuts where I have cut off leaves to stop water from escaping and complete the experiment in one lesson so other factors do not change too much e.g. temperature etc. Safety * Laurel is poisonous so hands should be washed thoroughly afterwards. * Glass is breakable. It should be pulled from the holder, not levered. * Glass should be put on the desk somewhere where it cant roll off. * Secateurs are sharp so care should be taken not to cut fingers. Equipment I will use a potometer. This will be connected to a plant at the top and a beaker of water at the bottom. The removal of the leaves will be done with secateurs and cut will be sealed with Vaseline. N.B. I am measuring the uptake of water not actual transpiration (water loss) because it is much easier. Measuring water loss is very difficult and requires specialist equipment. Water is lost through stomata on the underside of the leaves. Diagram of Equipment Factors that affect transpiration: There are many factors that I can change: * Temperature * Relative humidity * Light intensity * Light wavelength * Leaf area/ stomatal density* * Air pressure * Wind speed *This is the one we will change because it is the easiest most independent variable and there is a big enough change to measure as leaves are cut off. Hypothesis-leaf area affects transpiration. Predictions- 1. The plant will take up most H2O with all the leaves on. 2. When the plant has half the leaves it started with it will take up half the H2O. 3. Even with all the leaves off there will still be 10% water loss (from research*). RESEARCH: Quote from Green, Stout and Taylor biology book: Stomata: by evaporation of water from cells and diffusion of the water vapour through stomata, the pores found in the epidermis of leaves and green stems (about 90 %*). *90% of water is lost through the leaves (through stomata (pores on the underside of the leaves)). The other 10% is through lenticels. The rest of the plant (not the leaves) is not 100% waterproof. This justifies my prediction. As leaves are taken off there will be fewer stomata for water to escape through so I would expect there to be less water loss and therefore less water take-up. So leaf area is a good choice because of the stomata. Through preliminary work (below) I found there to be 75 stomata per mm2. This is a large area for water to escape through so cutting leaves off should have a large effect on the readings. I measured this by painting nail varnish on the leaves taking it off and counting the stomata under a microscope. This is described in greater detail in the preliminary work below. Accuracy * I will take a plant with enough leaves on so I can get 6 -10 different readings i.e. six leaves or sets of leaves removed. * I will take the readings for each number of leaves 5 -10 times and take a mean from the readings which will increase reliability and accuracy. * When taking readings I will wait for three consecutive readings that are similar/the same i.e. +/- 1mm from each other. * The readings will be taken at eye-level with the meniscus to ensure accuracy by reducing parallax error. * I will do one minute trials i.e. measure how far the meniscus travels in one minute. * The equipment is reliable to +/- 1mm. PRELIMINARY WORK Stomatal Densities A thin layer of clear nail varnish (about 1 cm2 area) is painted on the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf. This leaf is left to dry. Using a pair of fine forceps the film of varnish is peeled off. This is placed onto a drop of water on a clean slide, covered with a cover slip and examined under a microscope on high power. The number of stomata that can be seen is counted. Results Upper surface= 0 stomata Lower surface= 15 stomata You can then work out the number of stomata in 1mm2. The actual diameter of the field of view can be read from the foot of the microscope-0.5mm, so the radius is 0.25mm. From this you can calculate the area you are looking at (?r2). (1/the area of your field of view x number of stomata) Radius of microscope ?x0.252=0.196 area of microscope 0.196 goes into 1mm 5 times 155=75 stomata per 1mm2 This is a large area for water to be lost through, so I would expect that cutting leaves off will have a dramatic effect on water uptake as the leaf area will be greatly affected. GCSE BIOLOGY COURSEWORK: Obtaining Safety I took into consideration many safety points when obtaining the evidence: * The glassware can be broken easily glass should be pulled from the holder not levered. * Laurel is poisonous hands should be washed after handling it. * Secateurs are sharp you should be careful not to cut yourself, especially when cutting the plant underwater. I also made sure I took accurate readings by: * Labelling plastic bags before leaves were put in so they did not get mixed up. * Squeezed the air out of the bags to stop the leaves changing shape. * Looking from the level of the meniscus to reduce parallax error readings were taken from the top of the meniscus. * I also waited for three consecutive near-identical readings (+/- 1mm) before recording them to increase accuracy. GCSE BIOLOGY COURSEWORK: Analysis The evidence shows that the fewer leaves the plant has, the less water it takes up. The graph shows strong negative correlation. The less leaf area left, the less water taken up. Conclusion Water is lost through the stomata on the underside of the leaves. There are about 75 stomata per mm2. Quote from Green, Stout and Taylor biology book: Stomata: by evaporation of water from cells and diffusion of the water vapour through stomata, the pores found in the epidermis of leaves and green stems (about 90 %*). *90% of water is lost through the leaves. The other 10% is through lenticels. The rest of the plant (not the leaves) is not 100% waterproof. 60072(total leaf area)/7(number of leaves=8581.714283. So the average leaf area is about 8581.7mm2. The average number of stomata per leaf was 643628.5714. This is a large area for water to be lost through. The results show us that when we remove leaves, less water is lost. This is because there is less stomata for water to be lost through. The top-side of the leaf has no stomata. Diagram of how water is lost through stomata Contours of equal concentration of water molecules; steeper potential gradient=closer contours and faster rate of diffusion. The fastest rate is at the edge of the pores. Water loss and gas exchange is more rapid through a large number of small holes than a small number of large holes with the same total area (edge effect). Water is lost very rapidly through these holes. By cutting leaves off, so there are fewer of these holes, it is bound to have a dramatic effect on the water uptake because such a large amount of water is lost through them. My results confirmed this. The graph shows strong negative correlation. The rate of water loss when leaves are removed changes evenly. I predicted: 1. Plant will take up most H2O with all leaves on. 2. When the plant has half the leaves it started with it will take up half the H2O. 3. Even with all leaves off, 10% of water will be lost /taken up (GST). The graph shows us that my first prediction was correct. The graph slopes downwards showing that as leaves were removed the water uptake was less. The graph also shows that my second prediction was correct. It did roughly have half the water loss/take-up when there were half the leaves. 6 leaves on plant = 38mm travelled by meniscus in one minute 3 leaves on plant = 18mm travelled by meniscus in one minute 38-18=2.1 This is close to 2 which would have been the result if everything was perfect. However, my third prediction did not turn out to be true. There was less than 1mm3 of water taken up with no leaves. However, this could not have worked properly (explained in more detail in evaluation). GCSE BIOLOGY COURSEWORK: Evaluation The procedure was reliable once set up. The setting up was the most difficult part. The evidence was accurate. The error bars on the graph were quite close to each other. Sometimes each reading was identical each time for the number of leaves. As long as the calculations were done correctly the final data is accurate. One problem though was air bubbles which would often become trapped by the cut part of the plants stalk. This left less area for water to be taken up so the accuracy would be affected if the bubbles were not removed. The procedure was quite good. It produced consistent results when set up properly. However, it could be improved. One problem was that there were just too many variables, e.g. air pressure, light intensity, wind speed etc. A better experiment would be one that did not have so many variables. Also, the plant is living and there would be a certain amount of shock to it when it was cut apart. A better experiment would be one where it is not cut. The experiment also needed time to get going and the plant needed time to settle down and produce consistent readings. Things that I would change are monitoring air pressure and choosing a time to do the experiment when this is constant. I would do it in a darkened room using an artificial light source which could be monitored. Temperature would also be kept constant and doors and windows would be shut to prevent air turbulence. I would cover the leaves with cling film rather than cut them off. This would reduce stress to the plant and improve t he accuracy of the readings. The evidence was reliable. The error bars were close to each other meaning the readings were (sometimes identical). The reliability though could be affected by the airlocks, other uncontrolled variables and water on the leaves. Care had to be taken to wipe off any water on the leaves. The Vaseline also had to be secure on the tips so no water could escape. You also had to make sure that your eyes were at the level of the meniscus to make accurate readings. Overall, the conclusion is sufficiently supported by the evidence. Mini-plan for second experiment If I did an experiment like this again I would do it a different way. I would measure the water loss by measuring the mass of the plant and water being taken up. Because 1g of water=1cm3 it would be easy to measure the water uptake, and therefore loss. I would take six consistent readings from the balance. This would have greater accuracy than the three readings I took in the previous experiment. Diagram of Apparatus The variables will be the same as in the last experiment but I would try to keep more of them controlled. Air pressure would be monitored. I would do the experiment in a dark room using artificial light as a light source. This would enable me to monitor the light that gets to the plant. This would improve the accuracy. The humidity could also be kept constant in the room as could temperature. Air turbulence would be kept to a minimum by closing all windows and doors and making sure that no one enters while I am doing the experiment. Another problem which I will address from the first experiment is that cutting off the leaves gave the plant shock affecting the readings. To combat this I would cover the leaves with cling film instead of cutting them off. This would cause no distress to the plant so the readings will be more accurate. The plant and apparatus would be weighed first, then I would see how the mass changes as water is sucked from the beaker. The balance would be accurate enough to detect the small weight change. I would wait for the plant to settle down and for the water uptake to become constant. I would perhaps measure the weight change in one minute and repeat six times to increase accuracy. Before I cover the leaves with cling film I will weigh the cling film first. This will stop the weight of the cling film from affecting the readings. This method would be more accurate than the last because the balance is more accurate than judging from a scale as in the last experiment. There would be no errors such as parallax with this experiment and no stress to the plant because of leaves being cut off, making this experiment much more reliable than the original.

Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Mean

Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Mean Inferential statistics concerns the process of beginning with a statistical sample and then arriving at the value of a population parameter that is unknown. The unknown value is not determined directly. Rather we end up with an estimate that falls into a range of values. This range is known in mathematical terms an interval of real numbers and is specifically referred to as a confidence interval. Confidence intervals are all similar to one another in a few ways. Two-sided confidence intervals all have the same form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error Similarities in confidence intervals also extend to the steps used to calculate confidence intervals. We will examine how to determine a two-sided confidence interval for a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown. An underlying assumption is that we are sampling from a normally distributed population. Process for Confidence Interval for Mean With an Unknown Sigma We will work through a list of steps required to find our desired confidence interval. Although all of the steps are important, the first one is particularly so: Check Conditions: Begin by making sure that the conditions for our confidence interval have been met. We assume that the value of the population standard deviation, denoted by the Greek letter sigma ÏÆ', is unknown and that we are working with a normal distribution. We can relax the assumption that we have a normal distribution as long as our sample is large enough and has no outliers or extreme skewness.Calculate Estimate: We estimate our population parameter, in this case, the population mean, by use of a statistic, in this case, the sample mean. This involves forming a simple random sample from our population. Sometimes we can suppose that our sample is a simple random sample, even if it does not meet the strict definition.Critical Value: We obtain the critical value t* that correspond with our confidence level. These values are found by consulting a table of t-scores or by using the software. If we use a table, we will need to know the number of degrees of freedom. The number of degrees of freedom is one less than the number of individuals in our sample. Margin of Error: Calculate the margin of error t*s /√n, where n is the size of the simple random sample that we formed and s is the sample standard deviation, which we obtain from our statistical sample.Conclude: Finish by putting together the estimate and margin of error. This can be expressed as either Estimate  ± Margin of Error or as Estimate - Margin of Error to Estimate Margin of Error. In the statement of our confidence interval it is important to indicate the level of confidence. This is just as much a part of our confidence interval as numbers for the estimate and margin of error. Example To see how we can construct a confidence interval, we will work through an example. Suppose we know that the heights of a specific species of pea plants are normally distributed. A simple random sample of 30 pea plants has a mean height of 12 inches with a sample standard deviation of 2 inches. What is a 90% confidence interval for the mean height for the entire population of pea plants? We will work through the steps that were outlined above: Check Conditions: The conditions have been met as the population standard deviation is unknown and we are dealing with a normal distribution.Calculate Estimate: We have been told that we have a simple random sample of 30 pea plants. The mean height for this sample is 12 inches, so this is our estimate.Critical Value: Our sample has a size of 30, and so there are 29 degrees of freedom. The critical value for confidence level of 90% is given by t* 1.699.Margin of Error: Now we use the margin of error formula and obtain a margin of error of t*s /√n (1.699)(2) /√(30) 0.620.Conclude: We conclude by putting everything together. A 90% confidence interval for the population’s mean height score is 12  ± 0.62 inches. Alternatively, we could state this confidence interval as 11.38 inches to 12.62 inches. Practical Considerations Confidence intervals of the above type are more realistic than other types that can be encountered in a statistics course. It is very rare to know the population standard deviation but not know the population mean. Here we assume that we do not know either of these population parameters.

Marketing Mix for U.S.A car market Chery Cars China Essay - 6

Marketing Mix for U.S.A car market Chery Cars China - Essay Example The Isdera Company should also go for standardization of its operations. It can be concluded that all the seven elements of the marketing mix are imperative to a successful international business. Founded in 1997, Chery Company is in the automotive industry in China, specializing in manufacture of minivans, and passenger cars (CheryInternational, 2014). Records indicate that this company is the largest exporter of passenger cars in China, a record that it has held since 2003 (AsiaTimes, 2014). The operations of this company are mainly based in China, but it has also extended its operations to other countries such as Argentina, Egypt, and Iran among others. The company’s most recent developments include the joint ventures with Qoror and Tata motors, a move which has led to the increased production of Chey Jaguar and Chery Land rover (CheryInternational, 2014). The USA car buyers and users are a unique lot. While buyers in other countries prefer big and huge vehicles, the USA consumers prefer the smaller sized vehicles (Luxury Daily, 2013). They also prefer vehicles with the latest technology. One rule under which the USA consumers operate is the â€Å"value for money†. They are not afraid to spend large sums of money so long as the product is worth it (Arguea, Hsiao and Taylor, 2006). They also consider their status when buying a car as they are a populace that values elegant appearances. Marketing mix refers to the strategies and activities that an organisation considers to ensure that the needs of its customers are adequately and sufficiently met (Bowman and Gatignon, 2010). There seven elements in this mix include product, place, price, promotions, physical environment, people and process. Each element is a great determinate of the success of a business, especially one that has grown global as Wendooth (2009) notes. In a bid to achieve homogenization, manufacturers have opted to embrace globalization and see the world as one

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Criminal Law - Essay Example For criminal law to be effective there is the need for proof for some of the social ills that take place in society. It is these justifications that enable criminal law to make some of the rules that society prescribes to on a regular basis (Samaha, 2013). For criminal law to be successful there must the presence of a relationship between all agents of the criminal justice system. This means that all branches responsible for the upholding of the law must share some common ground if the law is to be upheld and/or maintained. One of the common things that they share includes the responsibility by all branches. Law enforcement agencies are all responsible for the protection of people in society. Correctional facilities and the courts are there to ensure that offenders do not escape or get away with going against the law. Furthermore, all these branches share a commonality that involves punishment (Samaha, 2013). Law enforcement agencies are there to arrest offenders; correctional facilities are there to ensure that they are penalized and properly rehabilitated; while the court systems are there to ensure that the appropriate course of punishment for the offender is provided. These relationships all aid in the protection of the laws in so ciety and the protection of the rights and privileges of all free

Before Sunset Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Before Sunset - Essay Example The movie has rightfully earned great critical acclaim for portraying the lives of two individuals, who love each other dearly but are always pulled apart because of their circumstances. Moreover, it was not just the plot of the story that was laudable but the premise of the film further entails several themes regarding the geographical and urban design of the contemporary society that has greatly isolated people and restricted interaction on a daily basis. Even in the past, films were tools that were used vastly as a means to promote a particular city or culture. The entire filming before sunrise was done in Paris, providing insight into how urban structure seems to have affected the lives of the masses. The film depicts the life of both the protagonists and the degree to which their lives had changed over the period of their separation. Both Jesse and Celine portray contemporary individuals, who experience the rising problems of an urban society; loneliness being one of the primary issues. This concept is called urban isolation, which arises as a result of the layout of our society that prevents social encounters and interactions. From architecture to the overall communication network, modern civilization has been developed in such a way to protect the privacy of individuals that besides making things easier for people often results in people becoming more and more distant from each other. As a matter of fact, from residential buildings to everyday travel, privacy and seclusion are marketed as an asset and this feature is being made more attractive that makes people want to achieve it. This aspect is ostensible in the movie through the segregation that is believed to have been prolonged because of this aspect of the society. From the first movie, both of them had been heading towards opposite directions, although their circumstances kept them from reaching out to each other, but the period of their separation was further

An Introduction To Counselling Psychology Essay

An Introduction To Counselling Psychology Essay Within this essay, the key concepts and principles of the person centred approach to counselling will be evaluated and discussed on how they inform and influence a person centred approach to counselling. Person centred theory or person centred counselling is the theory of counselling which originated from Carl Rogers. Originally this type of counselling was also known as a nondirective approach to therapy or client centred therapy (Gladding, 2011). Zimring and Raskin (1992, cited in Tudor et al, 2004)) did a review on the history of the person centred approach and divided the first fifty years of counselling into four main periods of the approach. However, this essay will consider the first two periods of the history within the Rogers theory of counselling. Zimring and Raskin (1992, cited in Tudor et al, 2004) claim that the first period begins in 1940 with Rogers presenting to a University his thoughts on newer concepts to psychotherapy; this was subsequently published two years later. The two characteristics of the first phase to the approach is the therapists role which would be the responses towards the client and the clients feelings which are distinct from the content, and secondly, the acceptance, recognition and the clarification of feelings whether they were positive, negative or ambivalent (Tudor et al, 2004, p. 21). This would explain and possible influence one of the three core conditions of unconditional positive regard that Rogers developed within the therapeutic relationship, which will be discussed in more depth further on within this piece of work. The second phase began in 1950 where Rogers outlines the framework and structure of the client centred approach and his hypothesis for therapy and therapeutic change. More significant within this decade was Rogers hypothesis of the six necessary and sufficient conditions of a clients personality change and personal growth. Although until recently it was believed that, only the core conditions needed to be present for positive change to occur (reference). However, before this essay discusses the six necessary and sufficient conditions for change to occur, the three key concepts that are the underpinning to the person centred approach need to be addressed in depth. The first of which is the organisms. Although Rogers was a careful writer, he took the idea of the organism for granted that within his written work it is suggested that he saw no need to define the organism when writing about the key theoretical concepts or constructs to the person centred approach (Tudor et al, 2004). Rogers believed that the inner core of a mans personality is the organism itself, which is essentially both self-preserving and social (Tudor et al, 2004, p.25). Rogers also asserted that the characteristic of the organism has a basic tendency and strives to actualise, maintain, and enhance the experience of the organism (Rogers, 2003). According to Tudor et al (2004) the actualising tendency or AT is at times conceptualised as something solid and separate to the organism, therefore, to prevent any misconceptions within this essay it shall refer to the actualising tendency as the organisms tendency to actualise which is perceived as a characteristic of the organism. Rogers has associated the organisms tendency to actualise Incongruence between self-concept and the experience of self is denied and distorted Through the Rogers definition of the organism as mentioned previously, the description of the organism is the individual person or client and is not to be confused with the self. The self is believed to be the personality of the said organism and holds the feelings, opinions and the values of the individual (Tudor et al, 2004) person. These are two completely different aspects of the person centred approach, however, they can arguably be perceived for exactly the same entity, and not two separate entities as Rogers intended. Rogers understood this and described the self as taking shape when the organism or individual acknowledges and accepts that they are who they are and this is their personality. This process according to Rogers clearly observed within the first two years of an infants life, (Tudor et al, 2004) and the conditions of worth that are created at this point in development would be shaped by the parental influence and carried on further into the individuals adult life as a concept of self or the self-concept. Conditions of worth are manifested from the positive regard or conditional regard received by the infant from either a parental influence or significant other, thus the conditions of worth within the self becomes embedded in the child. When referring to a significant other it is meant as someone other than the parent whom providers care for the infant within this time of development (reference). In the event of the self receiving conditions of worth, it embodies the external or internal locus of evaluation. The individuals external or internal locus of evaluation. Frame of reference However, the clients frame of reference can also connote the moment-by-moment awareness that the client experiences (Worsley, 2001). It is apparent that the person centred counsellor does not have a model for child development as the simple phrase conditions of worth which Rogers termed, encompass the entirety of the developing child (McLeod, 2009). The process of counselling has positives, just as equally as every other profession does. The function of counselling is aimed at overcoming any negative qualities, which the client may have, and highlights all the positive qualities a client has. Rogers believed that all people were good and every person has the right to be psychological well-being. Also counselling whatever theoretical approach is used as a basis is to increase a clients responsibility and for them to make positive choices that assist them to feel, think and act effectively within todays society (Colledge, 2002). The counsellors role within the client relationship is to provide emotional warmth where the client can experience a feeling of safety and can see oneself objectively without any emotional complications. The counsellor provides a genuine alter ego that accepts the clients self as he / she has known it to be, and accepts the distorted and denied self with the same depth of warmth and respect, thus, the client can equally accept both aspects of the self (Rogers, 2003). The counsellor provides the client with an empathetic understanding, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. Congruence within the therapeutic relationship is highly important and beneficial to the therapeutic relationship, however, Colledge (2002) argued, that if counsellors congruence within themselves is at a low level the counsellor could not trust their own intuition during the counselling session. However, it is suggested that a therapeutic relationship thats characterised by the core conditions (congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard) help strengthen the clients self and encourage clients to talk openly about feelings as the counsellor is the active listener and values them and their opinions. Although, very few studies have been conducted to support this, Bachelor (1988 cited in Bozarth Wilkins, 2001, 3rd Edition) conducted a study that supported this hypothesis. The study showed that the clients who felt understood, accepted, non-judged and valued from the counsellor, experienced more self-validation and found it safer to self disclosure and would explore deeper levels of emotions and perceptions within themselves. Within the client counsellor relationship, it is suggested that the counsellors role is to provide amongst various things, for example, a safe environment and unconditional positive regard. This is one of the three core conditions required to provide a positive change within the client, furthermore, unconditional positive regard directly disrupts any conditions of worth by the positive regard of parental or significant others: the counsellor values the client irrespective of the clients conforming to any conditions of worth (Mearns Thorne, 2010) the client may have. The core conditions of unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence and the six necessary and sufficient conditions the client experiences within the therapeutic relationship between the client and counsellor has proved invaluable and aids the seven stage process to therapeutic movement (Rogers, 2003) within the organism or the organismic self. Furthermore, Rogers emphasised that the six necessary and sufficient conditions are the key to establish the counselling relationship and for therapeutic growth to occur successfully. Rogers published these in 1957 which are that two people need to be in psychological contact, which means that the people would need to be on the same journey together, the second condition would be that the client would be in the state of incongruence between self and the self-concept, and be vulnerable and anxious. Naturally, this would be the case as a person only seeks counselling if they are in any form of conflict. The third condition stated that the therapist has or for a better choice of word, counsellor, is congruent and united within the therapeutic relationship. The fourth and fifth necessary and sufficient condition is the core conditions of unconditional positive regard and an empathic understanding of the clients frame of reference. Lastly the sixth condition Rogers stated that the therapists empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard would be the minimal to be communicated to the client. Although the sixth condition could be argued as it is in conflict with Rogers first statement, that the following six fundamental conditions, which he (Rogers) regarded as both necessary and sufficient à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in which therapeutic growth and personality change could occur (Rogers, 1957, cited in Casemore, 2011). However, it can be said that the first condition plays a pivotal role, as the other five conditions revolve around psychological contact meaning that the counselling journey is a relationship and not two people being in the same room together. Thus to reiterate, counselling will not be effective if the client does not experience the counsellors empathy or the unconditional positive regard for them. Although the process of therapeutic growth and change seems meek when written down the process is perhaps a painful and courageous journey the client takes and cannot be fully understood. However, Rogers wanted to gain some understanding and developed his theory of the seven stages of process. The seven stages of process Rogers saw as a flowing continuum and not rigid or fixed but rather a process which will develop but can at any stage be relapsed upon. A brief outline of this process is as follows, the first stage the client would go into counselling extremely resistant to change and defensive, which at this stage, and the client would be highly unlikely to enter into counselling. Stage two, the client is perceived as less rigid and would talk about the external events or other people surrounding their lives. Within stage three, the most likely time the client would seek counselling; they would express themselves as an object and avoid any discussions relating to present events. Within stage four, the client will develop a rapport with the counsellor and talk deeply about emotions. Stage five the client expresses present emotions, begins to rely upon their decision-making, and lives their life in the existential way of being. In other words, increasingly accepts more responsibility for their own actions. Stage six the client growth towards congruence is rapid and they begin to develop unconditional positive regard for others. This stage could also be the signal that formal therapy is ending, as there is no need for it to continue. Finally stage seven according to Rogers the client is self-actualising, shows empathy, unconditional positive regard, and is now living phenomenological. As mentioned above, existential and phenomenological is linked to the person centred approach as it could be suggested that this is the root to what Rogers was implying when expressing the development of the client in person centred therapy and to how they would live life (Casemore, 2011). To conclude this piece of work has explained how Rogers theory informs and influences the counselling practice within todays society. It has discussed in detail the organism and the self and referred to the six necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change and where the link is between existential and the phenomenological principles to the person centred approach to counselling. Words 2000 / 2800

Pericles Uplifting Speech -- Cultures Athens Public Speaking Soldiers

Pericles Uplifting Speech Works Cited Not Included To stand in front of thousands; to speak the words aimed at persuading a crowd; to believe, and have them as well, a seemingly just cause - this is what a leader must do. Every era has its trouble, its own conflict, and along with it, its own leader who will do what he can to unite his followers. In 431 BC, Athens was in the midst of a war, and from that war came a speech, said by Pericles, that to this day, remains the model for any leader seeking to persuade his citizens and have them believe and act in favor of their land. Throughout United States' history, various leaders have used the format of his speech in efforts to reach their citizens. Many of the values and personal responsibilities that Pericles spoke of remain important in today's American society. Pericles stood in front of hundreds of Athenians the day he made his speech. He initially felt he was not worthy, that "the worth which had displayed itself in deeds would be sufficiently rewarded by honors also by deeds" (28). However, he spoke that day, discussing first the nation's ancestors, paying homage to the forefather's of Athens. Pericles then moved on to speak of the fallen soldiers of the Peloponnesian War. He paid tribute to them, proclaiming their deaths were both purposeful and appreciated by Athens. Pericles finished by discussing the duties a citizen has to his land. This is the general outline of the "Funeral Speech." "I shall begin with our ancestors: it is both just and proper that they have the honor of the first mention on an occasion like the present" (28). Pericles gave the founding fathers of Athens the honor of being mentioned before all in his speech. He spoke of Athens' fa... ...to motivate his people to take an active role in society. Many of the thoughts and ideas stated in this piece have been used by other leaders throughout the world to stimulate interest within their societies as well. The Ancient Greek society, which Pericles was a part of, has had a large impact in the development of the United States. America's values are very similar to that of the Ancient Greece. They believe that freedom is an essential part of society and that the military can be a proper way to enforce this freedom. However, due to advancements within daily life, Americans are less politically active. Pericles would refer to these Americans as "useless," they obviously would not be rewarded in his society. Despite some differences, many of the values and personal responsibilities possessed in Ancient Greek society are similar to those in the US today.